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<meta name="description" content="肺是人体的呼吸器官，也是人体重要的造血器官，位于胸腔，左右各一，覆盖于心之上。肺有分叶，左二右三，共五叶。肺经肺系（指气管、支气管等）与喉、鼻相连，故称喉为肺之门户，鼻为肺之外窍。肺为娇脏，是对肺的生理病理特征的概括。生理上，肺脏清虚而娇嫩，吸之则满，呼之则虚，为脏腑之华盖，百脉之所朝会；病理上，外感六淫之邪从皮毛或口鼻而入，常易犯肺而为病；其他脏腑病变，亦常累及于肺。...">
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<b>肺</b>是一个<a href="/item/%E7%99%BE%E5%BA%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%EF%BC%9A%E5%A4%9A%E4%B9%89%E8%AF%8D" target="_blank">多义词</a>，请在下列<a href="/item/%E4%B9%89%E9%A1%B9" target="_blank">义项</a>上选择浏览（<a href="/item/%E8%82%BA?force=1" target="_blank">共2个义项</a>）</div>
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<li class="item">▪<span class="selected">人体器官</span></li>
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<span class="text">[fèi]</span>
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<h1 >肺</h1>
<h2>（人体器官）</h2>
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</div><div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary">
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺是人体的呼吸器官，也是人体重要的造血器官，位于胸腔，左右各一，覆盖于心之上。肺有分叶，左二右三，共五叶。肺经<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E7%B3%BB/8473972" data-lemmaid="8473972">肺系</a>（指气管、支气管等）与喉、鼻相连，故称喉为肺之门户，鼻为肺之外窍。</div><div class="para" label-module="para">肺为娇脏，是对肺的生理病理特征的概括。生理上，肺脏清虚而娇嫩，吸之则满，呼之则虚，为脏腑��华盖，百脉之所朝会；病理上，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%96%E6%84%9F%E5%85%AD%E6%B7%AB/10766264" data-lemmaid="10766264">外感六淫</a>之邪从<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9A%AE%E6%AF%9B/85042" data-lemmaid="85042">皮毛</a>或口鼻而入，常易犯肺而为病；其他脏腑病变，亦常累及于肺。</div>
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</div><div class="basic-info cmn-clearfix">
<dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-left">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">中文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
肺
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">外文名</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
Lung
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">所属系统</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
呼吸系统
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">拼&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;音</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
fèi
</dd>
</dl><dl class="basicInfo-block basicInfo-right">
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">笔画数</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
8画
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">部&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;首</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
月
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">五&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;笔</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
EGMH
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">部外笔画</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
4画
</dd>
<dt class="basicInfo-item name">汉字结构</dt>
<dd class="basicInfo-item value">
左右结构
</dd>
</dl></div>
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<h2 class="block-title">目录</h2>
<div class="catalog-list column-3">
<ol>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">1</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#1">生理功能</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">2</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#2">生理特性</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">3</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#3">与形窍志关系</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">4</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#4">生理结构</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">5</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#5">血管系统</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level1">
<span class="index">6</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6">主要疾病</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_1">肺炎</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_2">肺结核</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#6_3">肺癌</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">7</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7">护肺方法</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7_1">少吸烟</a></span>
</li>
</ol><ol><li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#7_2">注意事项</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">8</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#8">肺病食疗法</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level1">
<span class="index">9</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9">其它</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9_1">常见词汇</a></span>
</li>
<li class="level2">
<span class="index">▪</span>
<span class="text"><a href="#9_2">字体注意</a></span>
</li>
</ol>

</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub21947_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="生理功能" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>生理功能</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="1" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1.<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%BB%E6%B0%94">��气</a>司呼吸</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺主气，首见于《内经》。《素问·五藏生成》说：“诸气者，皆属于肺。”肺主气包括主呼吸之气和主一身之气两个方面。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（1）主呼吸之气：肺主呼吸之气，是指肺是气体交换的场所。如《素问·阴阳应象大论》说：“天气通于肺。”通过肺的呼吸作用，不断吸进清气，排出浊气，吐故纳新，实现机体与外界环境之间的气体交换，以维持人体的生命活动。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺主呼吸的功能，实际上是肺气的宣发与肃降作用在气体交换过程中的具体表现：肺气宣发，浊气得以呼出；肺气肃降，清气得以吸入。肺气的宣发与肃降作用协调有序，则呼吸均匀通畅。肺气失宣或肺气失降，临床都有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8">呼吸异常</a>的表现，但临床表现有所不同。若是因外感引动内饮，阻塞气道，肺气失宣，多为胸闷气急或发为哮喘；若是因<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%9D%E7%81%AB%E4%B8%8A%E7%82%8E">肝火上炎</a>，耗伤肺阴，肺失肃降，多致<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%96%98%E5%92%B3">喘咳</a>气逆。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">（2）主一身之气：肺主一身之气，是指肺有主司一身之气的生成和运行的作用。故《素问·六节藏象论》说：“肺者，气之本。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺主一身之气的生成，体现于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%97%E6%B0%94">宗气</a>的生成。一身之气主要由先天之气和后天之气构成。宗气属后天之气，由肺吸入的自然界清气，与脾胃运化的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E8%B0%B7%E4%B9%8B%E7%B2%BE">水谷之精</a>所化生的谷气相结合而生成。宗气在肺中生成，积存于胸中“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%B7">气海</a>”，上走<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%81%AF%E9%81%93">息道</a>出喉咙以促进肺的呼吸，如《灵枢·五味》所说“其大气抟而不行者，积于胸中，命曰气海，出于肺，循喉咽，故呼则出，吸则入”，并能贯注心脉以助心推动血液运行，还可沿<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%89%E7%84%A6">三焦</a>下行脐<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%B9%E7%94%B0">下丹田</a>以资先天元气，故在机体生命活动中占有非常重要的地位。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%97%E6%B0%94">宗气</a>是一身之气的重要组成部分，宗气的生成关系着一身之气的盛衰，因而肺的呼吸功能健全与否，不仅影响着宗气的生成，也影响着一身之气的盛衰。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para" style="clear: both;" >肺主一身之气的运行，体现于对全身气机的调节作用。肺有节律的呼吸，对全身之气的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%87%E9%99%8D%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A5">升降出入</a>运动起着重要的调节作用。肺的呼吸均匀通畅，节律一致，和缓有度，则各<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%8F%E8%85%91%E7%BB%8F%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%8B%E6%B0%94">脏腑经络之气</a>升降出入运动通畅协调。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺的呼吸失常，不仅影响宗气的生成及一身之气的生成，导致一身之气不足，即所谓“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%94%E8%99%9A">气虚</a>”，出现少气不足以息、声低气怯、肢倦乏力等症，并且影响一身之气的运行，导致各脏腑经络之气的升降出入<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%A4%B1%E8%B0%83">运动失调</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺主一身之气和呼吸之气，实际上都基于肺的呼吸功能。肺的呼吸调匀是气的生成和气机调畅的根本条件。如果肺的呼吸功能失常，势必影响一身之气的生成和运行。若肺丧失了<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8">呼吸</a>功能，清气不能吸入，浊气不能排出，新陈代谢停止，人的生命活动也就终结了。所以说，肺主一身之气的作用，主要取决于肺的呼吸功能。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.主行水</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E8%A1%8C%E6%B0%B4">肺主行水</a>，是指肺气的宣发肃降作用推动和调节全身水液的输布和排泄。《素问·经脉别论》称作“通调水道”。肺主行水的内涵主要有两个方面：一是通过肺气的宣发作用，将脾气转输至肺的水液和水谷之精中的较轻清部分，向上向外布散，上至头面诸窍，外达全身皮毛肌腠以濡润之；输送到皮毛肌腠的水液在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%AB%E6%B0%94">卫气</a>的推动作用下化为汗液，并在卫气的调节作用下有节制地排出体外。二是通过肺气的肃降作用，将脾气转输至肺的水液和水谷精微中的较稠厚部分，向内向下输送到其他脏腑以濡润之，并将<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%8F%E8%85%91">脏腑</a>代谢所产生的浊液（废水）下输至肾（或膀胱），成为尿液生成之源。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺以其气的宣发与肃降作用输布水液，故说“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E8%A1%8C%E6%B0%B4">肺主行水</a>”。又因为肺为华盖，在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%94%E8%84%8F%E5%85%AD%E8%85%91">五脏六腑</a>中位置最高，参与调节全身的水液代谢，故清·汪昂《医方集解》称“肺为水之上源”。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">外邪袭肺，肺失宣发，可致水液向上向外输布失常，出现无汗、全身水肿等症。内伤及肺，肺失肃降，可致水液不能下输其他脏腑，浊液不能下行至肾或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1">膀胱</a>，出现<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%92%B3%E9%80%86%E4%B8%8A%E6%B0%94">咳逆上气</a>，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%8F%E4%BE%BF%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%A9">小便不利</a>，或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E8%82%BF">水肿</a>。肺气<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%8C%E6%B0%B4">行水</a>功能失常，导致脾转输到肺的水液不能正常布散，聚而为痰饮水湿；水饮蕴积肺中，阻塞气道，则影响气体交换，一般都有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%92%B3%E5%96%98">咳喘</a>痰多的表现，甚则不能平卧。病情进一步发展，可致全身水肿，并能影响他脏的功能。临床上对水液输布失常的痰饮、水肿等病证，可用“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%A3%E8%82%BA%E5%88%A9%E6%B0%B4">宣肺利水</a>”和“降气利水”的方法进行治疗。由于水液输布障碍主要是因外邪侵袭而致肺气的宣发作用失常，故临床上多用宣肺利水法来治疗，即《内经》所谓“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BC%80%E9%AC%BC%E9%97%A8">开鬼门</a>”之法，古人喻之为“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8F%90%E5%A3%B6%E6%8F%AD%E7%9B%96">提壶揭盖</a>”，清·徐大椿《医学源流论》则称之为“开上源以利下流”。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.朝百脉，主治节</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺朝百脉，是指全身的血液都通过百脉流经于肺，经肺的呼吸，进行体内外清浊之气的交换，然后再通过肺气宣降作用，将富有清气的血液通过百脉输送到全身。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">全身的血脉均统属于心，心气是血液循环运行的基本动力。而血液的运行，��赖于肺气的推动和调节，即肺气具有助心行血的作用。肺通过呼吸运动，调节全身气机，从而促进血液运行。故《素问·平人气象论》说：“人一呼脉再动，一吸脉亦再动。”《难经·一难》说：“人一呼脉行三寸，一吸脉行三寸。”同时，肺吸入的自然界清气与脾胃运化而来的水谷之精所化的谷气相结合，生成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%97%E6%B0%94">宗气</a>，而宗气有“贯心脉”以推动血液运行的作用。肺气充沛，宗气旺盛，气机调畅，则血运正常。若肺气虚弱或壅塞，不能助心行血，则可导致心血运行不畅，甚至血脉瘀滞，出现心悸胸闷，唇<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%92%E8%88%8C">青舌</a>紫等症；反之，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%83%E6%B0%94%E8%99%9A">心气虚</a>衰或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%83%E9%98%B3%E4%B8%8D%E6%8C%AF">心阳不振</a>，心血运行不畅，也能影响肺气的宣通，出现咳嗽、气喘等症。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E6%B2%BB%E8%8A%82">肺主治节</a>，是指肺气具有治理调节肺之呼吸及全身之气、血、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4">水</a>的作用。《素问·灵兰秘典论》说：“肺者，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%B8%E5%82%85%E4%B9%8B%E5%AE%98">相傅之官</a>，治节出���。”肺主治节的生理作用主要表现在四个方面：一是治理调节呼吸运动：肺气的宣发与肃降作用协调，维持通畅均匀的呼吸，使体内外气体得以正常交换。二是调理全身气机：通过呼吸运动，调节一身之气的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%87%E9%99%8D%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A5">升降出入</a>，保持全身气机调畅。三是治理调节血液的运行：通过肺朝百脉和气的升降出入运动，辅佐心脏，推动和调节血液的运行。四是治理调节津液代谢：通过肺气的宣发与肃降，治理和调节全身水液的输布与排泄。由此可见，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E6%B2%BB%E8%8A%82">肺主治节</a>，是对肺的主要生理功能的高度概括。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4.造血功能</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub21947_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="生理特性" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>生理特性</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="2" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1.肺为华盖</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">“华盖”，原指古代帝王的车盖，《内经》喻为肺脏。《素问·病能论》说：“肺为藏之盖也。”肺位于胸腔，覆盖五脏六腑之上，位置最高，因而有“华盖”之称。肺居高位，又能行水，故称之为“水之上源”。肺覆盖于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%94%E8%84%8F%E5%85%AD%E8%85%91">五脏六腑</a>之上，又能宣发卫气于体表，具有保护诸脏免受外邪侵袭的作用，故《素问·痿论》说：“肺者，脏之长也”；《灵枢·九针论》说：“肺者，五脏六腑之盖也。”由于肺位最高，与外界相通，故温邪外侵，首先被犯；肺又外合皮毛，风寒燥湿外袭，皮毛受邪，亦内合于肺。故肺为诸邪易侵之脏。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.肺为娇脏</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">简而言之，肺位最高，邪必先伤；肺为清虚之脏，清轻肃静，不容纤芥，不耐邪气之侵。故无论外感、内伤或其他脏腑病变，皆可病及于肺而发生咳嗽、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%94%E5%96%98">气喘</a>、咯血、失音、肺痨、肺痿等病症。若娇嫩之肺脏一旦被邪侵犯，治疗当以“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%8A%E7%84%A6%E5%A6%82%E7%BE%BD">治上焦如羽</a>，非轻不举”为法则，用药以轻清、宣散为贵，过寒过热过润过燥之剂皆所不宜。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.主宣发与肃降</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E5%AE%A3%E5%8F%91">肺主宣发</a>是指肺气具有向上升宣和向外周布散的作用；<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E8%82%83%E9%99%8D">肺主肃降</a>是指肺气具有向内向下清肃通降的作用。肺的宣发与肃降功能，是由肺气的升降运动来实现的，故称“肺气宣发”和“肺气肃降”。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺气的宣发作用，能向上向外布散气与津液，主要体现在以下三个方面：一是呼出体内浊气；二是将脾所转输来的津液和部分<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E8%B0%B7%E7%B2%BE%E5%BE%AE">水谷精微</a>上输头面诸窍，外达于全身皮毛肌腠；三是宣发卫气于皮毛肌腠，以温<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E8%82%89">分肉</a>，充皮肤，肥腠理，司开阖，将代谢后的津液化为汗液，并控制和调节其排泄。如《灵枢·决气》说：“上焦开发，宣五谷味，熏肤，充身，泽毛，若雾露之溉。”《灵枢·痈疽》说：“上焦出气，以温分���而养骨节，通腠理。”若因<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%96%E6%84%9F%E9%A3%8E%E5%AF%92">外感风寒</a>而致肺失宣发，则致呼吸不畅，胸闷喘咳；卫气被郁遏，腠理闭塞，可致恶寒无汗；津液内停，可变���痰饮，阻塞气道，则见呼吸困难，喘咳不得卧。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺气的肃降作用，能向内向下布散气和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B4%A5%E6%B6%B2">津液</a>，主要体现在以下三个方面：一是吸入自然界之清气，并将吸入之清气与谷气相融合而成的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AE%97%E6%B0%94">宗气</a>向下布散至脐下，以资元气；二是将脾转输至肺的津液及部分水谷精微向下向内布散于其他<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%84%8F%E8%85%91">脏腑</a>以濡润之；三是将脏腑代谢后产生的浊液下输于肾或膀胱，成为尿液生成之源。人体脏腑气机的运动规律，一般是在上者宜降，在下者宜升，肺位胸中，为五脏六腑之华盖，其气以清肃下降为顺。若肺失肃降，则可出现呼吸表浅或短促，咳喘气逆等症。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺气的宣发和肃降，是相互制约、相互为用的两个方面。宣发与肃降协调，则呼吸均匀通畅，水液得以正常的输布代谢，所谓“水精四布，五经并行”。宣发与肃降失调，则见呼吸失常和水液代谢障碍。一般说来，外邪侵袭，多影响肺气的宣发，导致<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B0%94%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%A3">肺气不宣</a>为主的病变；内伤及肺，多影响肺气的肃降，导致<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%82%83%E9%99%8D">肺失肃降</a>为主的病证。宣发与肃降失常又是相互影响，同时并见的。如<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%96%E6%84%9F%E9%A3%8E%E5%AF%92">外感风寒</a>首先导致肺的宣发功能障碍而出现胸闷鼻塞、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%81%B6%E5%AF%92%E5%8F%91%E7%83%AD">恶寒发热</a>、无汗等症，同时也可引起肺的肃降功能失常而伴有<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%92%B3%E5%97%BD%E5%96%98%E6%81%AF">咳嗽喘息</a>。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>与形窍志关系</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">1.在体合皮，其华在毛</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">皮毛，包括皮肤、汗腺、毫毛等组织，是一身之表。它们依赖于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%AB%E6%B0%94">卫气</a>和津液的温养和润泽，具有防御外邪，调节津液代谢，调节体温和辅助呼吸的作用。肺与皮毛相合，是指肺与皮毛的相互为用关系。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺对皮毛的作用，主要有二：①肺气宣发，宣散卫气于皮毛，发挥卫气的温分肉，充皮肤，肥腠理，司开阖及防御外邪侵袭的作用；②肺气宣发，输精于皮毛，即将津液和部分水谷之精向上向外布散于全身皮毛肌腠以滋养之，使之红润光泽。若肺精亏、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B0%94%E8%99%9A">肺气虚</a>，既可致卫表不固而见<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%97">自汗</a>或易感冒，又可因皮毛失濡而见枯槁不泽。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">皮毛对肺的作用，也主要有二：①皮毛能宣散肺气，以调节呼吸。《内经》把汗孔称作“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8E%84%E5%BA%9C">玄府</a>”，又叫“气门”，是说汗孔不仅是排泄汗液之门户，而且也是随着肺的宣发和肃降进行体内外气体交换的部位。②皮毛受邪，可内合于肺。如寒邪客表，卫气被郁遏，可见<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%81%B6%E5%AF%92%E5%8F%91%E7%83%AD">恶寒发热</a>、头身疼痛、无汗、脉紧等症，若伴有��喘等症，则表示病邪已伤及肺脏。故治疗外感<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%A8%E8%AF%81">表证</a>时，解表与宣肺常同时并用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2.在窍为鼻</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">鼻为呼吸之气出入的通道，与肺直接相连，所以称鼻为肺之窍。鼻为呼吸道之最上端，通过肺系（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%96%89%E5%92%99">喉咙</a>、气管等）与肺相联，具有主通气和主嗅觉的功能。鼻的通气和嗅觉功能，都必须依赖肺气的宣发作用。肺气宣畅，则鼻窍通利，呼吸平稳，嗅觉灵敏；肺失宣发，则鼻塞不通，呼吸不利，嗅觉亦差。故曰：“鼻者，肺之官也”(《灵枢·五阅五使》)；“肺气通于鼻，肺和则鼻能知臭香矣”(《灵枢·脉度》)。临床上常把鼻的异常变化作为诊断肺病的依据之一，而治疗鼻塞流涕、嗅觉失常等病证，又多用辛散宣肺之法。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3.在志为忧（悲）</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">关于肺之志，《内经》有二说：一说肺之志为悲；一说肺之志为忧。但在论及五志相胜时则说“悲胜怒。”悲和忧虽然略有不同，但其对人体生理活动的影响是大致相同的，因而忧和悲同属肺志。悲忧皆为人体正常的情绪变化或情感反映，由肺精、肺气所化生，是肺精、肺气生理功能的表现形式。过度悲哀或过度忧伤，则属不良的情志变化，对人体的影响主要是损伤肺精、肺气，或导致肺气的宣降<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%A4%B1%E8%B0%83">运动失调</a>。《素问·举痛论》说：“悲则气消。”悲伤过度，可出现呼吸气短等肺气不足的现象。反之，肺精气虚衰或肺气宣降失调时，机体对外来非良性刺激的耐受能力下降，易于产生悲忧的情绪变化。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4.在液为涕</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">涕，即鼻涕，为鼻黏膜的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E6%B6%B2">分泌液</a>，有润泽鼻窍的作用。鼻涕由肺精所化，由肺气的宣发作用布散于鼻窍，故《素问·宣明五气》说：“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%94%E8%84%8F%E5%8C%96%E6%B6%B2">五脏化液</a>……肺为涕。”肺精、肺气的作用是否正常，亦能从涕的变化中得以反映。如肺精、肺气充足，则鼻涕润泽鼻窍而不外流。若<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%AF%92%E9%82%AA">寒邪</a>袭肺，肺气失宣，肺之精津被寒邪所凝而不化，则鼻流清涕；肺热壅盛，则可见喘咳上气，流涕黄浊；若燥邪犯肺，则又可见鼻干而痛。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5.与秋气相通应</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">五脏与自然界四时阴阳相通应，肺主秋。肺与秋同属于五行之金。时令至秋，暑去而凉生，草木皆凋。人体肺脏主清肃下行，为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%98%B3%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%8B%E9%98%B4">阳中之阴</a>，同气相求，故与秋气相应。秋季之肃杀，是对<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%A4%8F%E6%B0%94">夏气</a>生长太过的削减；肺气之肃降，是对<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%AB%E4%B8%8A%E7%82%8E">心火上炎</a>太过的制约。肺与秋气相通，故肺金之气应秋而旺，肺的制约和收敛功能强盛。时至秋日，人体<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%94%E8%A1%80%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C">气血运行</a>也随“秋收”之气而衰落，逐渐向“冬藏”过渡。故养生家强调，人气亦当顺应秋气而渐收。如《素问·四气调神大论》云：“秋三月……使志安宁，以缓秋刑；收敛神气，使秋气平；无外其志，使肺气清。此秋气之应，养收之道也。”治疗肺病时，秋季不可过分发散肺气，而应顺其敛降之性。此外，秋季气候多清凉干燥，而肺为清虚之脏，喜润恶燥，故秋季易见肺燥之证，临床常见干咳无痰、口鼻干燥、皮肤干裂等症。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">6.与五色、方位，表里关系</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺在五色上是白色，五行属金，方位在西方，肺部疾病都会引起面色发白，另外肺与大肠相表里，经络走向下络大肠，所以一般肺部疾病也会引起大肠的表现，如排便的异常，很多肺病患者便秘的原因���</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<a name="生理结构" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>生理结构</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="4" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">肺上端钝圆叫肺尖，向上经<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B8%E5%BB%93">胸廓</a>上口突入<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A2%88%E6%A0%B9%E9%83%A8">颈根部</a>，底位于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%86%88">膈</a>上面，对向肋和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%8B%E9%97%B4%E9%9A%99">肋间隙</a>的面叫肋面，朝向<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%B5%E9%9A%94">纵隔</a>的面叫内侧面，该面中央的支气管、血管、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%AE%A1">淋巴管</a>和神经出入处叫<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E9%97%A8">肺门</a>，这些出入肺门的结构，被<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E7%BC%94%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87">结缔组织</a>包裹在一起叫<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%A0%B9">肺根</a>。左肺由斜裂分为上、下二个肺叶，右肺除斜裂外，还有一水平裂将其分为上、中、下三个肺叶。肺是以支气管反复分支形成的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E6%A0%91">支气管树</a>为基础构成的。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">左、右支气管在肺门分成第二级支气管，第二级支气管及其分支所辖的范围构成一个肺叶，每支第二级支气管又分出<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1">第三级支气管</a>，每支第三级支气管及其分支所辖的范围构成一个<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%AE%B5">肺段</a>，支气管在肺内反复分支可达23-25级，最后形成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1">肺泡</a>。支气管各级分支之间以及肺泡之间都由结缔组织性的间质所填充，血管、淋巴管、神经等随支气管的分支分布在结缔组织内。肺泡之间的间质内含有丰富的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AF%9B%E7%BB%86%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E7%BD%91">毛细血管网</a>，毛细血管膜与肺泡共同组成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E8%86%9C">呼吸膜</a>，血液和肺泡内气体进行气体交换必须通过呼吸膜才能进行，呼吸膜面积较大，平均约70平方米，安静<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81">状态</a>下只动用其中40平方米用于呼吸时的气体交换,是肺呼吸的重要组成。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">因此，在因疾病等原因导致呼吸膜面积小于40平方米之前，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%8D%A2%E6%B0%94">肺换气</a>不会出现明显的障碍。肺表面覆被一层光滑的浆膜，即<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B8%E8%86%9C">胸膜</a>脏层。胎儿降生前，肺无呼吸功能，构造致密，比重大于1(1.045-1.056)，入水则下沉。降生后开始呼吸，肺泡内充满空气，呈海绵状，比重小于1(0.345-0.746)，故可浮于水中。医生常利用这一点，鉴定胎儿死亡的时间,并提供证据。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>肺泡：</b>由单层<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">上皮细胞</a>构成的半球状囊泡。肺中的支气管经多次反复分枝成无数<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%86%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1">细支气管</a>，它们的末端膨大成囊，囊的四周有很多突出的小囊泡，即为肺泡。肺泡的大小形状不一，平均直径0.2毫米。成人约有3～4亿个肺泡，总面积近100平方米，比人的皮肤的表面积还要大好几倍。肺泡是肺部<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2">气体交换</a>的主要部位，也是肺的功能单位。氧气从肺泡向血液弥散，要依次经过肺泡内表面的液膜、肺泡上皮细胞膜、肺泡上皮与肺毛细血管内皮之间的间质、毛细血管的内皮细胞膜等四层膜。这四层膜合称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E8%86%9C">呼吸膜</a>。呼吸膜平均厚度不到1微米，有很高的通透性，故气体交换十分迅速。吸入肺泡的气体进入血液后，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%99%E8%84%89%E8%A1%80">静脉血</a>就变为含氧丰富的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89%E8%A1%80">动脉血</a>，并随着血液循环输送到全身各处。肺泡周围毛细血管里血液中的二氧化碳则可以透过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%AF%9B%E7%BB%86%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%A3%81">毛细血管壁</a>和肺泡壁进入肺泡，通过呼气排出体外。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺泡内的表面液膜含有表面活性物质，起着降低肺泡表面液体层表面张力的作用，使细胞不易萎缩，且吸气时又较易扩张。肺组织缺氧时，会使<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8">肺表面活性物质</a>分泌减少，进入肺泡的水肿液或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E5%8E%9F">纤维蛋白原</a>可降低其表面活性物质的活力，引起肺内广泛的肺泡不张，血液流经这些萎陷肺泡的毛细血管时就不能进行气体交换。临床上新生婴儿患<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E4%B8%8D%E5%BC%A0">肺不张</a>症，就是因为缺乏肺表面活性物质所致。相邻两肺泡间的组织为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1%E9%9A%94">肺泡隔</a>，内有丰富的毛细血管及弹性纤维、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BD%91%E7%8A%B6%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4">网状纤维</a>。弹性纤维包绕肺泡，使肺泡具良好弹性。患<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E7%82%8E">慢性支气管炎</a>或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E5%93%AE%E5%96%98">支气管哮喘</a>时，肺泡长期处于过度膨胀状态，会使肺泡的弹性纤维失去弹性并遭破坏，形成<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B0%94%E8%82%BF">肺气肿</a>，影响呼吸机能。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>肺泡的组成：</b>小肺泡细胞，又称<a target=_blank href="/item/I%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">I型肺泡细胞</a>，厚约 0.1微米，基底部是基底膜，无增殖能力。大肺泡细胞，又称<a target=_blank href="/item/II%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">II型肺泡细胞</a>，分泌表面活性物质（二棕榈酰<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%B5%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82">卵磷脂</a>），以降低<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E5%BC%A0%E5%8A%9B">肺泡表面张力</a>。　<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E5%B7%A8%E5%99%AC%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">肺巨噬细���</a>，来自于血液<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%95%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">单核细胞</a>。吞噬了较多尘粒的被称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%98%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">尘细胞</a>，而<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%83%E8%A1%B0%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">心衰细胞</a>则是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%83%E5%8A%9B%E8%A1%B0%E7%AB%AD">心力衰竭</a>患者肺内出现的吞噬了血红蛋白分解的含铁血黄素的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%A8%E5%99%AC%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">巨噬细胞</a>。　肺泡与肺部毛细血管紧密相连。两者的膜大部分融合，有助于气体的快速扩散。而肺泡表面液体层，I型肺泡细胞与<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%9F%BA%E8%86%9C">基膜</a>，薄层结缔组织，毛细血管基膜与内皮组成了所谓的气-血屏障。　肺泡：肺泡壁是由<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%95%E5%B1%82%E6%89%81%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE">单层扁平上皮</a>构成，有三种细胞：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">A. 扁平上皮细胞（I型细胞），其基膜紧贴毛细血管。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">B. <a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE">分泌上皮</a>（II型细胞），该细胞突向管腔或夹在扁平上皮细胞之间，可分泌表面活性物质。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">C. 隔细胞：位于肺泡间隔中，当进入肺泡腔内就叫尘细胞。在尘细胞的细胞质内有大量尘埃颗粒，属于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%9E%E5%99%AC%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E">吞噬细胞</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">D. 肺泡隔：是相邻肺泡壁之间的结构，由结缔组织和丰富的毛细血管组成。　由于毛细血管内皮的对液体的通透性比肺泡细胞内皮的要高，心力衰竭患者体液会渗出到结缔组织中，造成间质性肺气肿。　肺泡为多面性囊泡，一面开口于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1%E5%9B%8A">肺泡囊</a>、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1%E7%AE%A1">肺泡管</a>或<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%86%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1">呼吸性细支气管</a>，其余各面与相邻的肺泡彼此相接。肺泡壁很薄，表面覆有肺泡上皮。肺泡是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E6%A0%91">支气管树</a>的终末部分，是肺进行气体交换的部位。肺泡、还有毛细血管扩大表面积。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="5" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub21947_5" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="血管系统" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>血管系统</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="5" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">一套是循环于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%83">心</a>和肺之间的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89">肺动脉</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E9%9D%99%E8%84%89">肺静脉</a>，属肺的机能性血管。肺动脉从<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%B3%E5%BF%83%E5%AE%A4">右心室</a>发出伴支气管入肺，随支气管反复分支，最后形成毛细血管网包绕在肺泡周围，之后逐渐汇集成肺<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%9D%99%E8%84%89">静脉</a>，流回左心房。另一套是营养性血管叫支气管动、静脉，发自<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B8%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89">胸主动脉</a>，攀附于支气管壁，随支气管分支而分布，营养肺内支气管的壁、肺血管壁和脏胸膜。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F">肺容量</a>】肺容量��指肺容纳的气体量。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B0%94%E9%87%8F">潮气量</a>】是指<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%99%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8">平静呼吸</a>时，每次吸入或呼出的气体量。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%A5%E5%90%B8%E6%B0%94%E9%87%8F">补吸气量</a>】是指平静吸气末，再用力吸入的最大气体量。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A1%A5%E5%91%BC%E6%B0%94%E9%87%8F">补呼气量</a>】是指平静呼气末，再用力呼出的最大气体量。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【余气量】是指最大呼气后，肺内残留的气体量。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%80%BB%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F">肺总容量</a>】是指肺所能容纳的最大气体量。即余气量、最大<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%B8%E6%B0%94%E9%87%8F">吸气量</a>、最大呼气量和潮气量四者之和。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B4%BB%E9%87%8F">肺活量</a>】是指最大吸气后，再做最大呼气，所能呼出的气体量。即潮气量、补吸气量和补呼气量三者之和。【肺活量并不是肺的总容量，肺活量=肺总容量-肺残容量】</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%82%BA%E6%B4%BB%E9%87%8F">时间肺活量</a>】是指最大吸气后以最快的速度呼出的最大气量。测定时，让受试者先作一次深吸气，然后以最快速度呼出气体，同时分别测量第1、2、3、秒末呼出的气量，计算其所占肺��量的百分数，分别称为1、2、3秒的时间肺活量。时间肺活量是一种动态指标，不仅反映肺活量容量的大小，而且反映了所遇阻力的变化，所以是评价通气功能的较好指标。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【每分通气量】指安静时，每分钟进肺或出肺的气体总量。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">即：每分通气量=<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B0%94%E9%87%8F">潮气量</a>×<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%A2%91%E7%8E%87">呼吸频率</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【每分<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%9A%E6%B0%94%E9%87%8F">最大通气量</a>】指以最快的速度和尽可能深的幅度进行呼吸时，所测得的每<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%88%86%E9%92%9F%E9%80%9A%E6%B0%94%E9%87%8F">分钟通气量</a>（测定时，一般只测15秒，将测得值乘4即可）。每分钟最大通气量，代表单位时间内<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98">呼吸器官</a>发挥了最大潜力后，所能达到的通气量。它是评价一个人所能从事运动量大小的一项重要指标指标。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%97%A0%E6%95%88%E8%85%94">无效腔</a>】由于鼻、咽、喉、气管、支气管等没有气体交换的机能，其腔内的气体就气体交换来说是无效的，故这部分<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A9%BA%E8%85%94">空腔</a>称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E6%97%A0%E6%95%88%E8%85%94">解剖无效腔</a>。此外进入肺的气体还可因血液在肺内分布不均匀等原因，不能都与血液进行气体交换。这部分不能与血液进行气体交换的肺泡腔，称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1%E6%97%A0%E6%95%88%E8%85%94">肺泡无效腔</a>。解剖无效腔加上肺泡无效腔，合称为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E6%97%A0%E6%95%88%E8%85%94">生理无效腔</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">【<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1%E9%80%9A%E6%B0%94%E9%87%8F">肺泡通气量</a>】从气体交换的角度考虑，真正有效的通气量应是肺泡通气量。其计算方法如下：每分肺泡通气量=（潮气量－解剖无效腔气量）×呼吸频率。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub21947_6" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="主要疾病" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-2" label-module="para-title">
<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>主要疾病</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="6" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6_1" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub21947_6_1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="肺炎" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="6-1" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>肺炎</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺炎是指终末气道、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1">肺泡</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E9%97%B4%E8%B4%A8">肺间质</a>的炎症。可由细菌、病毒、真菌、寄生虫等致病微生物，以及放射线、吸入性异物等理化因素引起。临床主要症状为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8F%91%E7%83%AD/35767" data-lemmaid="35767">发热</a>、咳嗽、咳痰、痰中带血，可伴胸痛或呼吸困难等。幼儿性肺炎，症状常不明显，可有轻微咳嗽。细菌性肺炎采用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0">抗生素</a>治疗，7～10天多可治愈。病毒性肺炎的病情稍轻，抗生素治疗无效。</div><div class="anchor-list">
<a name="6_2" class="lemma-anchor para-title" ></a>
<a name="sub21947_6_2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="肺结核" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
<a name="6-2" class="lemma-anchor " ></a>
</div><div class="para-title level-3" label-module="para-title">
<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>肺结核</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">是由<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8%E6%9D%86%E8%8F%8C">结核杆菌</a>引起的慢性<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85">传染病</a>。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8">肺结核</a>是<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%97%85">结核病</a>中最常见的一种。从临床上大致可分四种类型：<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BA%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8">原发性肺结核</a>、粟粒性肺结核、浸润性肺结核和空洞性肺结核。原发性肺结核是指初次感染结核杆菌引起的疾病。我国有80～90%是通过<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%81%93%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93">呼吸道感染</a>肺部的。原发性肺结核常无明显体征，有的伴有轻度全身症状如倦怠、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BD%8E%E7%83%AD">低热</a>、食欲减退等。原发性肺结核如能及时彻底治疗，一般<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%A2%84%E5%90%8E%E8%89%AF%E5%A5%BD">预后良好</a>。粟粒性肺结核是由于结核杆菌的血液散播引起的，病情���重。浸润性肺结核一般认为是原发结核的发展，多见于受过结核感染的成年人。空洞性肺结核是由于诊断延误，治疗不彻底的慢性肺结核。肺结核临床表现多种多样，除上述症状外，重者有高热<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9B%97%E6%B1%97">盗汗</a>等，最好能做到早发现、早确诊、早治疗。结核病的预防措施是：养成良好的卫生习惯不随地<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%90%90%E7%97%B0">吐痰</a>，定期进行肺部健康检查，隔离结核病人，特别是在集体生活的人应接种卡介苗。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>发展历史</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">19世纪的“白色<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB">瘟疫</a>”——肺结核 “面色苍白、身体消瘦、一阵阵<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%92%95%E5%BF%83%E8%A3%82%E8%82%BA">撕心裂肺</a>的咳嗽……”在19世纪的小说和戏剧中不乏这样的描写，而造成这些人如此状况的就是当时被称为“白色瘟疫”的肺结核，也即“痨病”。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">19世纪，不知有多少人曾被这种无情的烈性传染病夺去了亲人或朋友，虽然20世纪多种有效抗生素和预防药物的产生使肺结核病例在世界范围内迅速减少，但因此放松警惕就大错特错了。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87">世界卫生组织</a>警告说，近年来肺结核在全球有卷土重来之势，对这种传染病的防治不容懈怠。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1882年，德国科学家<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB">罗伯特·科赫</a>宣布发现了结核杆菌，并将其分为人型、牛型、鸟型和鼠型4型，其中人型菌是人类结核病的主要<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%93">病原体</a>。肺结核就是主要由人型结核杆菌侵入<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E8%84%8F">肺脏</a>后引起的一种具有强烈传染性的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E6%B6%88%E8%80%97%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85">慢性消耗性疾病</a>。常见临床表现为咳嗽、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%92%AF%E7%97%B0">咯痰</a>、咯血、<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B8%E7%97%9B">胸痛</a>、发热、乏力、食欲减退等局部及全身症状。肺结核90%以上是通过呼吸道传染的，病人通过咳嗽、打喷嚏、高声喧哗等使带菌液体喷出体外，健康人吸入后就会被感染。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1945年，特效药<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%93%BE%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0">链霉素</a>的问世使肺结核不再是不治之症。此后，雷米封、利福平、乙胺丁醇等药物的相继合成，更令全球肺结核患者的人数大幅减少。在预防方面，主要以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8D%A1%E4%BB%8B%E8%8B%97">卡介苗</a>（BCG）接种和化学预防为主。其中1952年异烟肼的问世，使<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9">化学药物</a>预防获得成功。异烟肼的杀菌力强，副作用少，且又经济，所以便于服用，服用6至12个月，10年内可减少发病50%至60%。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">抗生素、卡介苗和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%8C%96%E7%96%97%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9">化疗药物</a>的问世是人类在与肺结核抗争史上里程碑式的胜利，为此，美国在20世纪80年代初甚至认为20世纪末即可消灭肺结核。然而，这种顽固的“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%97%A8%E7%97%85">痨病</a>”又向人类发起了新一轮的挑战。据世界卫生组织的报告，近年来肺结核在全球各地死灰复燃，1995年全世界有300万人死于此病，是该病死亡人数最多的一年，大大超过了肺结核流行的1900年。在2003年3月24日“<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%98%B2%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%97%85%E6%97%A5">世界防治结核病日</a>”之际，“制止结核病”世界行动组织公布的数字显示，全球每天仍有5000人死于结核病，而每年罹患结核病的人数超过800万。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">造成上述情况的原因主要是近20年世界许多地区政策上的忽视，致使肺结核防治系统遭到破坏甚至消失；<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85">艾滋病</a>人感染肺��核的几率是常人的30倍，大部分艾滋病患者都死于肺结核，随着艾滋病在全球蔓延，肺结核病人也在快速增加；多种抗药性结核病菌株的产生，增加了肺结核防治的难度等。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>肺癌</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">肺癌是近半个世纪来发病率和死亡率不断上升的肿瘤之一，肺癌是人类健康和生命危害最大的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4">恶性肿瘤</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">吸烟﹑环境污染及职业危害被认为是肺癌的主要发病诱因之一，其发病率男性高于女性，城市高于农村。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">根据病变位置将肺癌可分为<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C">中心型肺癌</a>和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%91%A8%E5%9B%B4%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C">周围型肺癌</a>，生长在总支气管和支气管处肺门者称中心型肺癌，约占70%，以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%A3%B7%E7%99%8C">磷癌</a>和��分化癌较常见。生长在支气管及其分支以后的肺癌称周围型，约30%，以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C">腺癌</a>较常见，根据<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86">病理</a>将肺癌可分为磷状细胞癌﹑腺癌﹑腺鳞癌﹑大细胞癌（<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%AA%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96%E7%99%8C">未分化癌</a>）﹑小细胞癌（SCLC）﹑<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%B1%BB%E7%99%8C">类癌</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺癌是全身疾病的局部表现，早期发现﹑综合治疗﹑特异性抗癌﹑全身用药﹑个体化治疗是治疗肺癌的基本原则，应贯穿于治疗始终。正确有效的首次缓解治疗意义重大，科学有序的综合治疗是肺癌治疗的核心。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">以下是几款清肺、润肺、养肺的汤粥，可根据自身情况选择。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">清肺的食物,如胡萝卜、梨子、木耳、豆浆、蜂蜜等。清肺梨：可生津止渴，清热止咳等。一种做法是把内部掏空，放入川贝、冰糖、蜂蜜等煮食。二是带皮切块，放到碗里再蒸，碗里最好再放上冰糖，煮好后可拌入蜂蜜，趁热吃效果最好。三是连皮切成块，和<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%A8%E7%93%9C">木瓜</a>、蜜枣、猪骨一起煮汤，有清肺热、开胃作用。四是将<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%93%B6%E8%80%B3">银耳</a>泡发后，和梨一起放到凉水中煮汤，根据口味不同可再放入枸杞、枣等。另外，还可捣泥成梨糕，加冰糖后食用，也能清热、治疗咳嗽。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">中医一向讲究药食同源，很重视通过调节饮食提高人体的抗病能力，因此，通过养肺气来达到提高免疫功能的食疗效果是值得肯定的。不过，人们食用时应首先了解清楚食物的药效，如食用<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%99%BD%E8%90%9D%E5%8D%9C">白萝卜</a>，以<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%97%B0%E5%A4%9A">痰多</a>、咳嗽者较为适宜；食用百合，以熬粥、煮水饮效果较佳；食用绿豆，适宜于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%86%85%E7%81%AB">内火</a>旺盛的人；而荸荠能<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B8%85%E7%83%AD%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%A5">清热生津</a>，生吃、煮水均可。同时，由于人的个体素质差异较大，所以服用时要根据自身的情况对症选食，而且要注意同时忌食过于辣、咸、腻等食物。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>护肺方法</h2>
<a class="edit-icon j-edit-link" data-edit-dl="7" href="javascript:;"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-lemma"></em>编辑</a>
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>少吸烟</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">实验证实，烟中<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%81">尼古丁</a>并不能直接破坏肺！说“尼古丁破坏肺是常识性错误”。但是，吸烟确实能够伤害肺。在肺部的23-25级支气管中，分布着很多排列整齐的“毛刷子”，通过这些“毛刷子”进行一层一层的“净化”工作，使我们吸入空气中的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%89%E5%AE%B3%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8">有害物质</a>排出肺部，从而使肺泡纯净。实验证明，烟���够使这些毛刷子停止工作！可以想象，如果每天毛刷子都停止工作一段���间，而我们人类每天又吸入各种有害气体，例如城市空气，工厂，汽车等排出的毒气，那么肺部在短时间必定受到伤害，如果不加保护，可能恶变成肺癌，所以不能吸烟。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">全球范围内已有大量流行病学研究证实，吸烟是导致肺癌的首要危险因素。专家指出，70%～80%的肺癌与吸烟（包括被动吸烟）相关，其他的相关因素为：放射性暴露因素、环境或职业暴露（如粉尘作业）因素、遗传或家族性因素等。据了解，我国男性吸烟率约维持在66%的幅度，近年还有所下降，但女性的吸烟率却在缓慢上升。专家提醒，中国女性肺癌的增长速度比较快，与此不无关系。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>注意事项</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">虽然在地球上想找到新鲜的空气已经很难。肺部也不是能靠空气就清新的。但是环境好的地方空气质量较高，适宜人类居住。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1、要适当做<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%A7%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8">有氧运动</a>，少去污染严重的地方。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2、人多而脏乱的地方（尽量）少去，（尽量）避免交叉呼吸，想象一下，对方从肺部排出的细菌被你吸入会产生什么后果。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3、同时不要吸烟喝酒，只要是刺激性东西，都能伤害器官，不单单是肺！可以想象一种状况，一片嫩肉，在酒和各种饮料以及刺激性食物的刺激下能保持多久不腐烂！整天抽烟喝酒玩刺激，身体不垮掉反而是怪事。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4、少吃市场上补品。市场上出售那些所谓的补肺药物没有几个是通过实验证明的。吃多了，就会有依靠性。同时，是药三分毒！中药同样有毒！这一点必须认清。千万不要抱着喝中药无所谓的想法。有些药品鼓吹专利技术，在这郑重声明的是：中国的专利非常好申请。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>如果你要买有关于肺的药品，要认准以下几点：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1、是药品还是保健品，如果你生病了，不吃药，每天吃一百斤保健品也没有用。这一点可以在中国药品监督网上得到查询；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2、是不是国家允许的！很多药品流通市场，看其构成的药材都是名贵之宝，其实很多都是糖浆，有些更是含有激素，吃这些假药，害人的药，吃药第二天一般都会感觉得特别好，可是逐渐地，身体越来越差</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3、查询药品来源，可以登录中国药品监督网；</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">4、少吃西药，中药也有毒！</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">5、多补不宜。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>肺病食疗法</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">一、清肺汤两种：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1．雪耳、莲子、百合、排骨汤：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">原料：雪耳75克，百合100克，排骨500克。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">做法：将上述选料清洗之后加水一起放入煲内煮沸，煲3小时。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2．桑百皮、百合、排骨汤：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">原料：桑百皮50克，百合75克，排骨500克。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">做法：将上述选料清洗干净后加水，然后一并放进煲内煮沸，煲一个半小时。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">二、润肺银耳羹：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">原料：银耳5克，冰糖50克。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">做法：将银耳放入盆内，以温水浸泡30分钟，待其发透后摘去蒂头、拣去杂质；将银耳撕成片状，放入洁净的锅内，加水适量，以武火煮沸后，再用文火煎熬1小时，然后加入冰糖，直至银耳炖烂为止。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">三、润肺豆浆粥：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">原料：豆浆1000克，糯米100克，白糖适量。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">做法：将糯米洗净放入锅中，加水适量，武火烧沸后改用文火慢慢熬煮，煮至米粒开花时倒入豆浆，继续熬10分钟，加白糖适量即可。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">四、鸭肉粥：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">原料：鸭肉150克，糯米250克，料酒、盐少许。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">做法：先将鸭肉切丁；糯米加水煮粥，然后加入鸭肉、少许料酒和盐，煮至粥熟。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">五、毛肚血汤：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">原料：鸭血300克，毛肚150克（注意不要加入羊肉，因为羊肉属热，不适宜在气温渐高、天气干燥的春夏之交食用）。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">配料：黄喉、鳝鱼、午餐肉、黄豆芽、粉丝各100克，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E9%87%8D%E5%BA%86%E7%81%AB%E9%94%85%E5%BA%95%E6%96%99">重庆火锅底料</a>、泡姜、大蒜、味精、白糖各少许。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">做法：先将鸭血切成片，放在炒锅中用清水氽一下待用；再放少许清油把姜片、蒜片炒一下，放入重庆火锅底料烧开；汤味熬好后，加入鸭血、毛肚、黄喉、鳝鱼、午餐肉、黄豆芽、粉丝等直至煮熟（注意毛肚不要煮得太老）。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">提示：俗话说“血能<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B4%97%E8%82%BA">洗肺</a>”。因此，对于这种绵软滑爽又非常便宜的血豆腐，此时不吃更待何时？</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">六、火腿冬瓜汤：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">原料：火腿片，冬瓜片。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">配料：葱丝，姜丝，虾皮，盐，糖，麻油。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">做法：锅内放清水煮沸，将冬瓜片及配料下锅煮10分���后加入火腿片，2分钟后即可出锅；出锅前加入葱花、麻油、盐、糖。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">提示：此汤清新可口，去燥润肺，适合春夏季节食用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">七、银耳昆布子鸭煲：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">原料：银耳30克，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%9E%B8%E6%9D%9E%E5%AD%90">枸杞子</a>20克，海带50克，子鸭1只。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">配料：料酒、木耳各10克，姜5克，盐4克，葱10克，味精3克，大枣3枚。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">做法：</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">1．银耳、木耳用温水浸泡，去蒂头，撕成瓣；枸杞子去果柄、杂质；海带洗净，用冷水浸泡，切2厘米X5厘米的块。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">2．子鸭宰杀后去毛、内脏及爪；用沸水氽去血。水，除去腥味；姜拍松；葱切段。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">3．将子鸭、银耳、木耳、海带、料酒、姜、葱、大枣同放炖锅内，加水2800毫升，置武火烧沸，再用文火炖煮35分钟，加入盐、味精、枸杞子，再将炖品倒入煲内，装饰上桌食用。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">提示：清肺热，遗脾胃，软坚，化痰，利<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B3%84">水泄</a>热的功效。适用于<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E7%83%AD%E5%92%B3%E5%97%BD">肺热咳嗽</a>，肺燥干咳，胃肠燥热，血管硬化等。春季宜用。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h2 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>其它</h2>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">肺</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">fèi ㄈㄟˋ 从月从巿（fú，阳平）</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">〈名〉</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">人和某些高级动物的呼吸器官：～脏。～病。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺，金臧也。――《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%AF%B4%E6%96%87">说文</a>》</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺有金之精，制割立断。――《春秋·元命苞》</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺为气。――《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%B7%AE%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%90">淮南子</a>·精神》</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">肺藏于右。――《素问·刺禁论》</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">吾师肺肝，皆铁石所铸造也。――清·方苞《<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B7%A6%E5%BF%A0%E6%AF%85%E5%85%AC%E9%80%B8%E4%BA%8B">左忠毅公逸事</a>》</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">又如：肺肠��肺和肠。指生理上的欲念。即七情六欲）；肺肝（肺与肝。比喻内心）；肺吵丢丢掀（方言。心花怒放）；<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E7%81%AB">肺火</a>）中医称肺部的邪热）。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">①<a target=_blank href="/item/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98">人体器官</a>名。五脏之一。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">位于胸腔，左右各一，为五脏之华盖，与大肠相表里。<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E6%B0%94">肺主气</a>，司呼吸。《素问·五脏生成》：“诸气者，皆属于肺。”朝百脉而主治节，辅佐<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%BF%83%E8%84%8F">心脏</a>调节气血的运行。《素问·灵兰秘典论》：“肺者，相搏之官，治节出焉。”主宣发肃降，通调水道，开窍于鼻，外合<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9A%AE%E6%AF%9B">皮毛</a>。《素问·经脉别论》：“脾气散精，上归于肺，通调水道，下输<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1">膀胱</a>。”“经气归于肺，<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%9C%9D%E7%99%BE%E8%84%89">肺朝百脉</a>，输精于皮毛。”《灵枢·脉度》：“肺气通于鼻，肺和则鼻能知臭香矣。”《素问·五脏生成》：“肺之合皮也，其荣毛也。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">②指<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%89%8B%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B4">手太阴</a>肺经。《灵枢·本输》：“肺出<a target=_blank href="/item/%E5%B0%91%E5%95%86">少商</a>……手太阴经也。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">③指肺的<a target=_blank href="/item/%E7%9C%9F%E8%84%8F%E8%84%89">真脏脉</a>。《素问·平人气象论》：“肺见丙丁死，肾见<a target=_blank href="/item/%E6%88%8A%E5%B7%B1">戊己</a>死。是谓真脏见皆死。”</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">④推拿部位名。详肺经条。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>常见词汇</h3>
</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"><b>肺癌</b></a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">fèi ái</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">[carcinoma of the lungs;lung cancer] 原发于肺组织的癌。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E7%97%85"><b>肺病</b></a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">fèibìng</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(1)[pulmonary tuberculosis] [口]∶肺结核</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(2)[the lung disease]∶五脏病候之一。泛指<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E8%84%8F">肺脏</a>发生的多种病症。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(3)尘肺病：职业活动中长期吸入生产性粉尘（灰尘）而引起的全身性疾病。如：矽肺。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>肺活量</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">fèihuóliàng</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">[vital capacity] 肺呼吸容量,在吸足后尽力呼出的空气量，以升或立方厘米数量来表示。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>肺结核</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">fèijiéhé</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">[pulmonary tuberculosis] 结核杆菌引起的肺部慢性传染病,因吸入开放性肺结核病人咳出的带菌飞沫而感染。早期无明显症状。病情进展时，有倦怠、潮热、消瘦、咳嗽、咯血等症状。抗结核药可彻底治愈。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E7%97%A8"><b>肺痨</b></a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">fèiláo</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">[tuberculosis] [口]∶肺结核</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>肺气肿</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">fèiqìzhǒng</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(1)</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">[pulmonary emphysema]∶一种出现在肺上局部的或普遍的状态,其特征为扩张，逐渐丧失弹性,终致肺小泡破裂，并伴有呼吸困难、干咳,经常心功能不足。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">(2)</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">[heaves]∶马的慢性肺气肿，由于肺泡扩张过度而呼吸困难是本病主要特征。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E6%B0%B4%E8%82%BF"><b>肺水肿</b></a></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">fèishuǐzhǒng</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">[pulmonary edema] 液体渗出物进入肺泡及<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%82%BA%E9%97%B4%E8%B4%A8">肺间质</a>。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>肺萎陷</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">fèiwěixiàn</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">[collapse of lung] 由于支气管梗阻而引起的,或在腹部手术后反射地发生的肺部无气状态。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>肺炎：</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">fèiyán</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">[pneumonia;pneumonitis] 肺的一种疾病，其特点为发炎与实变,继而消退，系由于微生物、病毒、化学刺激物或异物所致。</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para"><b>肺脏</b></div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">fèizàng</div>
<div class="para" label-module="para">[lungs] 人和高等动物的呼吸器官。人的肺在<a target=_blank href="/item/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%94">胸腔</a>内,左右各一，和支气管相连。</div><div class="anchor-list">
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<h3 class="title-text"><span class="title-prefix">肺</span>字体注意</h3>
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<div class="para" label-module="para">“肺”字的右半边是“巿”字（发音为<b>fú，台湾注音符号为<b>ㄈㄨˊ</b></b>），而非“市场”的“市”字（发音为<b>shì，台湾注音符号为<b>ㄕˋ</b></b>），两者的区别在于“巿”字中间是一笔贯穿。</div>
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<p class="title"><a href="/tashuo/browse/content?id=4b0ae63d01cfd67ca202c34e&lemmaId=&fromLemmaModule=pcBottom" target="_blank">肺虽不是造血器官，也可参与血小板生成</a>
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<a href="/tashuo/browse/content?id=4b0ae63d01cfd67ca202c34e&lemmaId=&fromLemmaModule=pcBottom" target="_blank">
&nbsp;这项发现毫无疑问说明了肺的复杂作用——它们不止用来呼吸，还是生成血液关键组成部分的重要参与者改写教科书！肺的新功能——造血        编者按       生物学总处在变化中！人体还有新器官、第一个不需要引物的 DNA 聚合酶、小脑不仅控制平衡，这些新发现不断...</a>
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<span class="tashuo-publish-date">2017-03-30</span><span class="tashuo-like J-like " data-isvote="0"><i></i><strong class="J-number">21</strong></span>
<span class="tashuo-view"><i>阅读</i><strong>1852</strong></span>
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</div><dl class="side-box lemma-statistics">
<dt class="title">词条统计</dt>
<dd class="description">
<ul>
<li>浏览次数：<span id="j-lemmaStatistics-pv"></span>次</li>
<li>编辑次数：101次<a href="/historylist/%E8%82%BA/421843" class="nslog:1021" target="_blank">历史版本</a></li>
<li>最近更新：<span class="j-modified-time" style="display:none">2018-07-17</span></li>
<li>创建者：<a class="show-userCard" data-uid="3681294" title="查看此用户资料" target="_blank" href="http://www.baidu.com/p/%E6%B5%81%E7%A9%BF%E8%9C%82" nslog-type="1022">流穿蜂</a></li>
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<a href="#1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">生理功能</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">生理特性</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">与形窍志关系</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#4" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">4</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">生理结构</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#5" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">5</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">血管系统</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
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<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#6" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6</span>
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</span>
</a>
</dt>
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<a href="#6_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">肺炎</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#6_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">肺结核</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#6_3" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">6.3</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">肺癌</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#7" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">护肺方法</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#7_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">少吸烟</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#7_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">7.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">注意事项</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#8" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">8</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">肺病食疗法</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dt class="catalog-title level1">
<em class="pointer"></em>
<a href="#9" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">9</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">其它</span>
</span>
</a>
</dt>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#9_1" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">9.1</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">常见词汇</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
<dd class="catalog-title level2">
<a href="#9_2" class="title-link">
<span class="text">
<span class="title-index">9.2</span>
<span class="title-link" nslog-type="10002802">字体注意</span>
</span>
</a>
</dd>
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<dd>
<div><a target="_blank" href="/usercenter/tasks#guide">成长任务</a></div>
<div><a target="_blank" href="/help#main01">编辑入门</a></div>
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<div><a target="_blank" href="/item/%E7%99%BE%E5%BA%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%8D%E6%9D%A1%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1/22442459?bk_fr=pcFooter">本人编辑</a><img src="https://bkssl.bdimg.com/static/wiki-common/widget/component/footer/img/new-icon_a64774d.png" class="new-icon" alt="new"></div>
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<form id="searchForm" action="/search/word" method="GET" target="_self">
<input id="query" nslog="normal" nslog-type="10080015" name="word" type="text" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" value="肺" /><button id="search" nslog="normal" nslog-type="10080013" type="button">进入词条</button>
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<span id="clear" style="margin-right:8px;">清除历史记录</span><span id="close" nslog="normal" nslog-type="10080016">关闭</span>
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<a class="toolButtons-edit button j-edit-link" href="javascript:;" nslog-type="10010001"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_edit-hollow"></em>编辑</a>
<a class="toolButtons-collect button" href="javascript:;" nslog-type="10010002"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_star-hollow"></em><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_star-solid"></em>收藏</a>
<a class="toolButtons-vote button top-vote" href="javascript:;" nslog-type="10010003"><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_zan-hollow"></em><em class="cmn-icon wiki-lemma-icons wiki-lemma-icons_zan-solid"></em><span class="j-tool-btn-vote-num">赞</span></a>
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            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('421843', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('421843', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('421843', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('421843', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('421843', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('421843', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('421843', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('421843', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('421843', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

    // 展现策略
    rightCheck.editView('421843', function(res) {
        if (!res.errno) {
            if (res.data.edit) {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        } else {
            if ('1') {
                $('.para-title .edit-icon').css('display', 'block');
            }
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/tashuo/tashuo"],function(init){
        init();
    });
}();
!function(){        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaRelation/lemmaInsert'], function(init) {
            init({ // 关系化统计需求--传参  shangwenbin
                lemmaId: "21947",
                newLemmaId: "421843",
                subLemmaId: "21947",
                lemmaTitle: "肺"
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery"],function($){
            function openTagToggle(node) {
                if ($(node).hasClass("collapse")) {
                    $(node).removeClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", '22px');
                } else {
                    $(node).addClass("collapse");
                    $("#open-tag").css("height", $("#open-tag-item").css("height"));
                }
            }
            if (parseInt($("#open-tag-item").css("height")) <= 30) {
                $('#open-tag-collapse').hide();
            }
            $("#open-tag-collapse").on("click", function () {
                openTagToggle($("#open-tag")[0]);
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightTashuo/rightTashuo"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId: 421843,
            lemmaTitle: '肺'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){        require('wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/configModule/zhixin/zhixin')(
            421843,
            '肺'
        );
    }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/lemmaStatistics/lemmaStatistics"],function(init){
        init({
            newLemmaIdEnc:"f60e30109feeebe8b2a48bd4"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){	require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/lemma_content/mainContent/sideCatalog/sideCatalog"],function(SideCatalog){
		new SideCatalog();
	});
}();
!function(){        require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/fengchao/fengchao","wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/unionAd/unionAd"], function (init, unionAd) {
            init({
                newLemmaId: "421843",
                lemmaTitle: "肺",
                encodeLemmaTitle: "%B7%CE",
                adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
            }, {
                errFn: unionAd,
                dom: $('#side_box_unionAd')
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/guessLike/guessLike'], function (app) {
            app.init({
                lemmaTitle: '肺',
                adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
            });
        });
    }();
!function(){            require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/bottomAd/bottomAd'], function (init) {
                init({
                    sId: 'BOTTOM_PRO_AD',
                    adManager: {"wapRelatedBusiness":1}
                });
            });
        }();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var Dialog = require("wiki-common:widget/ui/dialog/dialog");
    var userLogin = require('wiki-common:widget/component/userLogin/userLogin');
    var unameFiller = require('wiki-common:widget/component/unameFiller/unameFiller');
    var rightCheck = require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/rightCheck/rightCheck');

            var isEnterprise = false;
        var enterpriseOwnerUserId = 0;
    
    var userId = 0;
    var editUrl = '/edit/' + encodeURIComponent('肺') + '/' + '421843';
    var pgcUrl = '/enterprise/editpgc?lemmaId=421843';

    userLogin.regist({
        onLogin: function(user) {
            userId = user ? user.uid : 0;
        }
    });

    function gotoEdit(url, isMidNight) {
        if (isMidNight) {
            Dialog.alert({
                title: '编辑提示',
                subMsg: '晚23:00至次日8:00，因审核系统例行维护，您提交的版本可能需要较长时间才能通过，望您谅解。',
                onConfirm: function() {
                    window.location.href = url;
                }
            });
        } else {
            window.location.href = url;
        }    
    }

    function showChoseEditDialog(pgcCallback, ugcCallback) {
        new Dialog({
            title: '编辑提示',
            subMsg: '<p>您已开通企业百科服务，推荐您直接编辑“官方资料”，官方资料仅限企业百科绑定的百科账号修改，其他用户账号不可修改。</p><p>如果您想修改其他网友编辑的普通词条内容，请注意遵守百科百科编辑规则。<p>',
            btns: [{
            key: 'pgc',
            text: '编辑官方资料'
            }, {
            style: 'white',
            text: '修改普通词条',
            key: 'ugc'
            }],
            onBtnClick: function(btnKey){
                if (btnKey === 'pgc') {
                    pgcCallback && pgcCallback();
                } else if (btnKey === 'ugc') {
                    ugcCallback && ugcCallback();
                }
            }
        }).show();
    }

    function checkUserLegal(res) {
        var legal = false;
        switch (res.errno) {
            case 100001:
                userLogin.showLoginPop();
                break;
            case 100006:
                unameFiller.show();
                break;
            default:
                legal = true;
        }
        return true;
    }

    function checkUgc(res, url) {
        if (res.errno) {
            switch (res.errno) {
                case 100005:
                    alert('对不起，您目前被封禁');
                    break;
                case 110001:
                    alert('对不起，该词条被锁定');
                    break;
                case 110007:
                    alert('对不起，消歧页无法编辑');
                    break;
                case 110005:
                    Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    mainMsg: '对不起，您暂时没有权限编辑该词条。',
                    subMsg: '<p>您好，该词条内容已较丰富，现仅对百科等级达到<b>四级</b>且通过率达到<b>85%</b>的科友开放编辑。</p><p>当您通过努力达到以上要求，就可以参与编辑该词条了。</p><p><img src="https://bkssl.bdimg.com/img/baike/usercenter/growuptask/star.gif" class="star" />参加<a target="_blank" href="/usercenter#guide">成长任务</a>，更快掌握百科编辑技巧，加速升级！</p>'
                    });
                    break;
                case 110008:
                    Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    mainMsg: '对不起，您暂时没有权限编辑该词条。',
                    subMsg: '<p>您好，该词条内容已较丰��，现仅对百科等级达到<b>六级</b>且通过率达到<b>85%</b>的科友开放编辑。</p><p>当您通过努力达到以上要求，就可以参与编辑该词条了。</p><p><img src="https://bkssl.bdimg.com/img/baike/usercenter/growuptask/star.gif" class="star" />参加<a target="_blank" href="/usercenter#guide">成长任务</a>，更快掌握百科编辑技巧，加速升级！</p>'
                    });
                    break;
                case 470001:
                    alert('系统错误，请刷新重试');
                    break;
                case 110003:
                    Dialog.alert({
                        title: '编辑提示',
                        subMsg: '很抱歉，该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交，您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条，或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                    });
                    break;
            }
        } else {
            if (!res.data.right.noAudit) {
                Dialog.alert({
                    title: '编辑提示',
                    subMsg: '很抱歉，该词条有其他用户编辑的版本正在提交，您暂时无法编辑。<br/>百科建议您晚些时候再编辑该词条，或者尝试编辑其他的词条。'
                });
                return;
            }
            gotoEdit(url, res.data.notice.isMidNight);
        }
    }

    $(document.body).on('click', '.j-edit-link', function() {
        var dl = $(this).attr('data-edit-dl');
        if (dl) {
            var url = editUrl + '?dl=' + dl;
        } else {
            var url = editUrl;
        }

        rightCheck.preeditCheck('421843', '肺', '人体器官', '130233754', '', function(res) {
            if (!checkUserLegal(res)) {
                return;
            }
            if (isEnterprise && enterpriseOwnerUserId === userId) {
                showChoseEditDialog(function() {
                    location.href = pgcUrl;
                }, function() {
                    checkUgc(res, url);
                });
            } else {
                checkUgc(res, url);
            }
        });
    });
}();
!function(){  require.async(["wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery","wiki-common:widget/component/footer/footer_feedback"], function($, feedback){
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-main'});
    feedback({el: '#J-bk-feedback-query', config: {
        appid: 215645,
        productLine: 20184,
        needContactWay: false,
        issuePlaceholder: '亲爱的百度百科用户，请在此填写您的质疑内容及原因哦～'
      },
      proData: {
        "kw": $('#J-bk-feedback-query').data('lemma')
      }
    });
  });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar-n/searchbar');  
    initSearchbar($('.wgt-searchbar-simple'));
  }();
!function(){    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/toolButtons"],function(init){
        init({
            lemmaId:"21947",
            subLemmaId:"21947",
            newLemmaId:"421843"
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/searchHeader/toolButtons-n/userInfo')();
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'),
      animation = require('wiki-common:widget/util/animation'),
      nslog = require('wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog'),
      initSearchbar = require('wiki-common:widget/component/searchbar/searchbar');

    var isFadeIn = false,
        isFadeOut = false;

    var fadeInAni, fadeOutAni;

    $(window).on('scroll', function(e) {
        var scrollTop = $(this).scrollTop();

        if (scrollTop > 200 && !isFadeIn && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'none') {
            fadeOutAni && fadeOutAni.stop();
            fadeInAni = animation({
                duration: 200,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    isFadeIn = true;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'block');
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', progress)
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    nslog(10010007);
                }
            });
        } else if (scrollTop <= 200 && !isFadeOut && $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display') == 'block') {
            fadeInAni && fadeInAni.stop();
            fadeOutAni = animation({
                duration: 300,
                easing: 'linear',
                onStart: function() {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader #suggestion').hide();
                    isFadeIn = false;
                    isFadeOut = true;
                },
                onStep: function(progress) {
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('opacity', 1 - progress);
                },
                onComplete: function(progress) {
                    isFadeOut = false;
                    $('.lemmaWgt-searchHeader').css('display', 'none');
                }
            });
        }
    });
}();
!function(){    require('wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/qzopensl');
    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/newSideShare/taskSideShare"],function(taskShare){
        taskShare.init({
            title: '肺',
            desc: "\u80ba\u662f\u4eba\u4f53\u7684\u547c\u5438\u5668\u5b98\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u4f53\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9020\u8840\u5668\u5b98\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u80f8\u8154\uff0c\u5de6\u53f3\u5404\u4e00\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u4e8e\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u80ba\u6709\u5206\u53f6\uff0c\u5de6\u4e8c\u53f3\u4e09\uff0c\u5171\u4e94\u53f6\u3002\u80ba\u7ecf\u80ba\u7cfb\uff08\u6307\u6c14\u7ba1\u3001\u652f\u6c14\u7ba1\u7b49\uff09\u4e0e\u5589\u3001\u9f3b\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u6545\u79f0\u5589\u4e3a\u80ba\u4e4b\u95e8\u6237\uff0c\u9f3b\u4e3a\u80ba\u4e4b\u5916\u7a8d\u3002\u80ba\u4e3a\u5a07\u810f\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u80ba\u7684\u751f\u7406\u75c5\u7406\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u3002\u751f\u7406\u4e0a\uff0c\u80ba\u810f\u6e05\u865a\u800c\u5a07\u5ae9\uff0c\u5438\u4e4b\u5219\u6ee1\uff0c\u547c\u4e4b\u5219\u865a\uff0c\u4e3a\u810f\u8151\u4e4b\u534e\u76d6\uff0c\u767e\u8109\u4e4b\u6240\u671d\u4f1a\uff1b\u75c5\u7406\u4e0a\uff0c\u5916\u611f\u516d\u6deb\u4e4b\u90aa\u4ece\u76ae\u6bdb\u6216\u53e3\u9f3b\u800c\u5165\uff0c\u5e38\u6613\u72af\u80ba\u800c\u4e3a\u75c5\uff1b\u5176\u4ed6\u810f\u8151\u75c5\u53d8\uff0c\u4ea6\u5e38\u7d2f\u53ca\u4e8e\u80ba\u3002",
            pic: 'http:\/\/b.hiphotos.baidu.com\/baike\/w%3D268\/sign=981158eb71ec54e741ec1d1881399bfd\/48540923dd54564e2b7631ecb9de9c82d0584fd0.jpg',
            url: '',
            qqPic: 'https:\/\/gss1.bdstatic.com\/9vo3dSag_xI4khGkpoWK1HF6hhy\/baike\/whfpf%3D870%2C870%2C0\/sign=601d2870db43ad4ba67b1580e43f6298\/48540923dd54564e2b7631ecb9de9c82d0584fd0.jpg',
            newLemmaId: '421843',
            lemmaTitle: '肺'
        });
    });
}();
!function(){    var $ = require('wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery');
    var nslog = require("wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog");
    var testElem = require('wiki-common:widget/component/testElem/testElem');
    var cmsModuleLoader = require('wiki-common:widget/component/cmsModuleLoader/cmsModuleLoader');

    function requireAsync() {
        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement']);
    }

    cmsModuleLoader('/api/wikiui/getlemmaconfig', [{
        name: 'announcement',
        script: 'wiki-lemma:widget/tools/announcement/announcement.js'
    }]);

    require.async(["wiki-lemma:widget/tools/lazyLoad/lazyLoad"], function(LazyLoad) {
        new LazyLoad();
    });

    require.async(['wiki-common:widget/component/nslog/nslog','wiki-common:widget/lib/jquery/jquery'], function(nslog, $) {
        nslog().setGlobal({
            lemmaId: "21947",
            newLemmaId: "421843",
            subLemmaId: "21947",
            lemmaTitle: "肺"
        });

        // 词条页 pv
        nslog(9322);

        // 新版头部pv（小流量）
        if ($('.pc-header-new').length > 0) {
            nslog(9069);
        }

        // 链接点击 pv
        var lemmaPageRegExp = new RegExp(/\/subview\/\d+|\/view\/\d+|\/item\//i);
        $('body').on('mousedown', 'a', function() {
            var href = $(this).attr('href');
            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0) {
                // 链接点击 pv
                nslog(10000001);
                if (lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                    // 词条页链接点击 pv
                    nslog(10000002, window.location.href, {
                        targetTitle: $(this).text()
                    });
                }
            }
        });

        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 start ******/
        (function () {
            // 各种统计配置
            var circulationLinkCfg = {
                innerLink: [ // 内链
                    '.para',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeMovie',
                    '.lemmaWgt-baseInfo-simple-largeStar',
                    '.basic-info .basicInfo-block',
                    '.lemma-summary',
                    '.lemmaWgt-lemmaSummary',
                    '.view-tip-panel',
                    '.horizontal-module',
                    '.lemmaWgt-roleIntroduction',
                    '.dramaSeries .dramaSerialList',
                    '.module-music',
                    '.table-view',
                    '[log-set-param="table_view"]',
                    '.list-module',
                    '.cell-module',
                    '.baseBox .dl-baseinfo', // 配置后台字段
                    '.pvBtn-box .leadPVBtnWrapper',
                    '.drama-actor',
                    '#staffList',
                    '.starMovieAndTvplay',
                    '.main_tab:not(.main_tab-defaultTab)' // 除去词条tab外的tab
                ],
                relationTable: '.rs-container-foot', // 关系表
                peopleRelation: '.star-info-block.relations, .lemmaWgt-focusAndRelation', // 人物关系（明星+普通）
                moduleActors: '.featureBaseInfo .actors, .lemmaWgt-majorActors', // 主要演员、嘉宾、主持人
                moduleWorks: '.featureBaseInfo .works, .large-feature .works', // 代表作品
                moduleQuarterly: '.featureBaseInfo .po_quarterly, .mian_quarterly', // 分季介绍
                rankStar: '.rank-list.stars-rank', // 明星榜
                rankDrama: '.drama-rank-list', // 电视剧榜
                specialTopic: '.special-topic', // 专题模块
                modDetailTable: '#modDetailTable', // 关系表出图
                chuizhitu: '.chuizhitu', // 垂直化模块
                polysemantList: '.polysemantList-wrapper' // 义项切换
            };
            /****** 连接统计 ******/
            function clickNslogFn() {
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k === 'innerLink') {
                        // 词条内链到词条页
                        var tempArr = circulationLinkCfg[k];
                        for (var i = 0, l = tempArr.length; i < l; i++) {
                            tempArr[i] += ' a';
                        }
                        var sSelector = tempArr.join(', ');

                        $('body').on('mousedown', sSelector, {key: k},function(e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            var tar = $(this).attr('target') || '';
                            if (href && href.indexOf('/') >= 0 && href.indexOf('#') !== 0
                            && tar === '_blank' && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页普通内链点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null ,{division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    } else {
                        // 模块到词条页链接
                        $(circulationLinkCfg[k]).on('mousedown', 'a', {key: k}, function (e) {
                            var key = e.data.key;
                            var href = $(this).attr('href');
                            if (href && href.indexOf('#') !== 0 && lemmaPageRegExp.test(href)) {
                                // 词条页配置模块链接点击 pv
                                nslog(10000004, null, {division: key});
                            }
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
            // 发起统计请求
            clickNslogFn();

            /****** 各模块展现量pv ******/
            function checkModuleIsShow() {
                var result = [];
                for (var k in circulationLinkCfg) {
                    if (k !== 'innerLink' && k !== 'relationTable') {
                        !!$(circulationLinkCfg[k]).html() && result.push(k);
                    }
                }
                if (result.length > 0) {
                    nslog(10000005, null, {showModules: result.join(',')});
                }
            }
            checkModuleIsShow();

        })();
        /****** 词条页站内流转需求统计 end ******/

    });

    // 广告接入 wikiad 统一加载
    // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求行为）
    nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
        api: 'lemma-ad',
        action: 'request'
    });
    var tags = {"1":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u79d1\u5b66"},"2":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u5b66\u79d1"},"0":{"tagId":0,"tagName":"\u533b\u5b66\u672f\u8bed"}};
    var tagsArray = [];
    for (var key in tags) {
        tagsArray.push(tags[key].tagName);
    }
    $.ajax({
        type: 'GET',
        url: '/api/wikiad/getsquirrels',
        data: {
            lemmaId: 421843,
            tags: tagsArray.join()
        },
        cache: false,
        dataType: 'JSON',
        success: function (res) {
            // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求成功）
            nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
                api: 'lemma-ad',
                action: 'success'
            });

            if (!res.errno) {
                if (res.data[5]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightPreciseAd/rightPreciseAd'], function(rightPreciseAd) {
                        rightPreciseAd(res.data[5]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[5][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[5][0].name,
                            adPos: 5
                        });
                    });
                } else if (res.data[1]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/vbaike/vbaike'], function(vbaike) {
                        vbaike(res.data[1]);
                        for(var i in res.data[1]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[1][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[1][i].name,
                                adPos: 1
                            });
                        }
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[9]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightBigAd/rightBigAd'], function(rightBigAd) {
                        rightBigAd(res.data[9]);
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[9][0].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[9][0].name,
                                adPos: 9
                            });
                    });
                                    } else if(res.data[2]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/slide/slide'], function(slide) {
                        slide(res.data[2]);
                        for(var i in res.data[2]) {
                            nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                                adId: res.data[2][i].adId,
                                adTitle: res.data[2][i].name,
                                adPos: 2
                            });
                        }
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[3]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/topAd/topAd'], function(topAd) {
                        topAd(res.data[3]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[3][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[3][0].name,
                            adPos: 3
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[4]) {
                                        require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/rightAd/rightAd'], function(rightAd) {
                        rightAd(res.data[4]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[4][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[4][0].name,
                            adPos: 4
                        });
                    });
                                    }
                if (res.data[15]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/banner/banner'], function(banner) {
                        banner(res.data[15]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[15][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[15][0].name,
                            adPos: 15
                        });
                    });
                }
                if (res.data[16]) {
                    require.async(['wiki-lemma:widget/promotion/declaration/declaration'], function(declaration) {
                        declaration(res.data[16]);
                        nslog(10002201, location.href, {
                            adId: res.data[16][0].adId,
                            adTitle: res.data[16][0].name,
                            adPos: 16
                        });
                    })
                }
            } else {
                return;
            }

            setTimeout(function () {
                var elemArr = {};
                res.data[1] && res.data[1].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-vbaike-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-vbaike .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[2] && res.data[2].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-slide-ad'] = $('.lemmaWgt-promotion-slide .promotion_viewport a:eq(0) img').get(0));
                res.data[3] && res.data[3].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-navbar-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.header [nslog-type="10002202"]').css('background-image').indexOf(res.data[3][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[4] && res.data[4].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-side-ad'] = {
                    node: $('.right-ad img').get(0),
                    validations: {
                        'noBackgroundImage': function() {
                            return $('.right-ad img').attr('src').indexOf(res.data[4][0].picUrl) < 0
                        }
                    }
                });
                res.data[15] && res.data[15].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-banner'] = $('.configModuleBanner').get(0));
                res.data[16] && res.data[16].length > 0 && (elemArr['lemma-configModule-declaration'] = $('.lemmaWgt-declaration').get(0));

                testElem.log(elemArr, 70000102);
            }, 1000);
        },
        error: function () {
            // log 词条页广告被拦截情况（此处 log 请求失败）
            nslog(70000101, window.location.href, {
                api: 'lemma-ad',
                action: 'error'
            });
        }
    });

    // 设置分享内容
    window.BKShare.setCommon({
        bdText: "\u3010\u80ba_\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\u3011\u80ba\u662f\u4eba\u4f53\u7684\u547c\u5438\u5668\u5b98\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u4f53\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9020\u8840\u5668\u5b98\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u80f8\u8154\uff0c\u5de6\u53f3\u5404\u4e00\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u4e8e\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u80ba\u6709\u5206\u53f6\uff0c\u5de6\u4e8c\u53f3\u4e09\uff0c\u5171\u4e94\u53f6\u3002\u80ba\u7ecf\u80ba\u7cfb\uff08\u6307\u6c14\u7ba1\u3001\u652f\u6c14\u7ba1\u7b49\uff09\u4e0e\u5589\u3001\u9f3b\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u6545\u79f0\u5589\u4e3a\u80ba\u4e4b\u95e8\u6237\uff0c\u9f3b\u4e3a\u80ba\u4e4b\u5916\u7a8d\u3002\u80ba\u4e3a\u5a07\u810f\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u80ba\u7684\u751f\u7406\u75c5\u7406\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u3002\u751f\u7406\u4e0a\uff0c\u80ba\u810f\u6e05\u865a\u800c\u5a07\u5ae9\uff0c\u5438\u4e4b\u5219\u6ee1\uff0c\u547c\u4e4b\u5219\u865a\uff0c\u4e3a\u810f\u8151\u4e4b\u534e\u76d6\uff0c\u767e\u8109\u4e4b\u6240\u671d\u4f1a\uff1b\u75c5\u7406\u4e0a\uff0c\u5916\u611f\u516d\u6deb\u4e4b\u90aa\u4ece\u76ae\u6bdb\u6216\u53e3\u9f3b\u800c\u5165\uff0c\u5e38\u6613\u72af\u80ba\u800c\u4e3a\u75c5\uff1b\u5176\u4ed6\u810f\u8151\u75c5\u53d8\uff0c\u4ea6\u5e38\u7d2f\u53ca\u4e8e\u80ba\u3002.....\uff08\u5206\u4eab\u81ea@\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\uff09",
        bdDesc: '',
        bdUrl: 'http:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/%E8%82%BA\/421843',
        bdPic: '',
        onBeforeClick: function (){
            $('.bdshare_dialog_box').hide();
        }
    });

    // 底部投诉带入当前页面 url
    var map = [1, 2, 6, 5];
    $('.wgt-footer-main .suggestion').find('a').each(function(i) {
        $(this).attr('href', 'http://help.baidu.com/newadd?word=%E8%82%BA' + '&&submit_link=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href) + '&prod_id=10&category=' + map[i]);
    });

    // 为超出预设内容的表格添加table-responsive控制
    $('.main-content').find('table').each(function(index) {
        var $that = $(this);
        if ($that.width() > 790) {
            $that.wrap('<div class="table-responsive"></div>');
        }
    });
}();
!function(){      require('wiki-common:widget/component/psLink/psLink');
    }();</script>
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  var Hunter = window.Hunter || {};
  Hunter.userConfig = Hunter.userConfig || [];
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  // DOM Ready时，统计用户可操作时间。
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